Problems - Set 1

Easy

Word Match

Design a method to find the frequency of occurrences of any given word in a book.

Approach 1: Using string split (One time)

package algo;

public class Problem1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String bookText = "Java is great. Java is powerful. Java is everywhere!";
        String word = "Java";

        int freq = getWordFrequency(bookText, word);  // Output: 3
        System.out.println(freq);

    }

    public static int getWordFrequency(String bookText, String word) {
        if (bookText == null || word == null || word.isEmpty()) {
            return 0;
        }

        String[] words = bookText.toLowerCase().split("\\W+"); // split on non-word characters
        int count = 0;

        for (String w : words) {
            if (w.equals(word.toLowerCase())) {
                count++;
            }
        }
        return count;
    }
}

Approach 2: Using StringUtils method

package algo;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;

public class Problem1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String bookText = "Java is great. Java is powerful. Java is everywhere!";
        String word = "java";
        
        System.out.println(StringUtils.countMatches(bookText.toLowerCase(), word.toLowerCase()));
    }
}

Approach 3: Optimized for Multiple Calls

Preprocess the book text once into a frequency map. Then lookups are fast.

package algo;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class WordFrequencyAnalyser {
    private final Map<String, Integer> wordFrequencyMap;

    public WordFrequencyAnalyser(String bookText) {
        wordFrequencyMap = new HashMap<>();
        preprocess(bookText);
    }

    private void preprocess(String bookText) {
        if (bookText == null) {
            return;
        }

        String[] words = bookText.toLowerCase().split("\\W+"); // non-word character split

        for (String word : words) {
            if (!word.isEmpty()) {
                wordFrequencyMap.put(word, wordFrequencyMap.getOrDefault(word, 0) + 1);
            }
        }
    }

    public int getFrequency(String word) {
        if (word == null || word.isEmpty()) {
            return 0;
        }
        return wordFrequencyMap.getOrDefault(word.toLowerCase(), 0);
    }

}

package algo;

public class Problem1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String bookText = "Java is great. Java is powerful. Java is everywhere!";
        WordFrequencyAnalyser analyzer = new WordFrequencyAnalyser(bookText);

        System.out.println(analyzer.getFrequency("java"));       // Output: 3
        System.out.println(analyzer.getFrequency("is"));         // Output: 3
        System.out.println(analyzer.getFrequency("powerful"));   // Output: 1
        System.out.println(analyzer.getFrequency("python"));     // Output: 0
    }
}

Medium

Pattern Matching

We are given:

• A pattern string, e.g., "aabab"

• A value string, e.g., "catcatgocatgo"

We need to return true if we can map each unique character (a or b) in the pattern to a non-empty substring in the value so that replacing the pattern with its mapped substrings gives the original value.

Example

• Pattern: "aabab"

• Value: "catcatgocatgo"

Let’s say

• 'a' = "cat"

• 'b' = "go"

Substituting: Pattern → "a a b a b" → "cat cat go cat go" → matches value → return true.

Constraints

• Each a and b must map to one consistent substring throughout the pattern.

• a and b must be different (but may be of any length).

• We can’t have a = "" or b = "" (empty string is not allowed).

Approach

1. Count how many times a and b appear in the pattern.

2. Try all possible lengths of the substring assigned to a.

3. For each possible length of a, calculate the length of b (from remaining length of value).

4. Try assigning substrings to a and b and check if the pattern reconstructs to the value.

5. If we find a match, return true. Otherwise return false.

public class PatternMatcher {

    public static boolean doesMatch(String pattern, String value) {
        if (pattern.length() == 0) return value.length() == 0;

        // Normalize pattern so that it starts with 'a'
        char firstChar = pattern.charAt(0);
        boolean isSwapped = false;
        if (firstChar != 'a') {
            pattern = swapPattern(pattern);
            isSwapped = true;
        }

        int countA = countOf(pattern, 'a');
        int countB = pattern.length() - countA;

        int maxLenA = value.length() / Math.max(1, countA); // Avoid divide by zero

        for (int lenA = 0; lenA <= maxLenA; lenA++) {
            int remainingLength = value.length() - lenA * countA;

            if (countB == 0) {
                if (remainingLength != 0) continue;
                if (isMatch(pattern, value, lenA, 0, isSwapped)) return true;
            } else if (remainingLength % countB == 0) {
                int lenB = remainingLength / countB;
                if (isMatch(pattern, value, lenA, lenB, isSwapped)) return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private static boolean isMatch(String pattern, String value, int lenA, int lenB, boolean isSwapped) {
        int index = 0;
        String aStr = null;
        String bStr = null;

        for (char c : pattern.toCharArray()) {
            int len = (c == 'a') ? lenA : lenB;

            if (index + len > value.length()) return false;
            String sub = value.substring(index, index + len);

            if (c == 'a') {
                if (aStr == null) aStr = sub;
                else if (!aStr.equals(sub)) return false;
            } else {
                if (bStr == null) bStr = sub;
                else if (!bStr.equals(sub)) return false;
            }

            index += len;
        }

        if (aStr != null && aStr.equals(bStr)) return false;
        return true;
    }

    private static int countOf(String pattern, char c) {
        int count = 0;
        for (char ch : pattern.toCharArray()) {
            if (ch == c) count++;
        }
        return count;
    }

    private static String swapPattern(String pattern) {
        char[] swapped = new char[pattern.length()];
        for (int i = 0; i < pattern.length(); i++) {
            swapped[i] = pattern.charAt(i) == 'a' ? 'b' : 'a';
        }
        return new String(swapped);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(doesMatch("aabab", "catcatgocatgo")); // true
        System.out.println(doesMatch("aaaa", "catcatcatcat"));   // true
        System.out.println(doesMatch("abab", "redblueredblue")); // true
        System.out.println(doesMatch("aabb", "xyzabcxzyabc"));   // false
    }
}

Arithmetic Evaluation

Given an arithmetic equation consisting of positive integers, +, -, * and / and no parentheses. Compute the result.

To evaluate an arithmetic expression like 2*3+5/6*3+15 (with no parentheses, only +, -, *, and /, and all positive integers), we must obey the order of operations:

Operator Precedence (BODMAS):

1. * and / (left to right)

2. + and - (left to right)

public class ArithmeticEvaluator {

    public static double evaluate(String expression) {
        // Store numbers and the last operator
        double currentNumber = 0;
        char operation = '+'; // Assume '+' before first number
        double result = 0;
        double lastTerm = 0;  // For handling * and / first

        int n = expression.length();
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            char ch = expression.charAt(i);

            // If digit or decimal, build the number
            if (Character.isDigit(ch) || ch == '.') {
                int start = i;
                while (i < n && (Character.isDigit(expression.charAt(i)) || expression.charAt(i) == '.')) {
                    i++;
                }
                currentNumber = Double.parseDouble(expression.substring(start, i));
                i--; // adjust i because it will be incremented in the for-loop
            }

            // If current character is operator or we are at the end of the expression
            if (!Character.isDigit(ch) && ch != ' ' && ch != '.' || i == n - 1) {
                switch (operation) {
                    case '+':
                        result += lastTerm;
                        lastTerm = currentNumber;
                        break;
                    case '-':
                        result += lastTerm;
                        lastTerm = -currentNumber;
                        break;
                    case '*':
                        lastTerm = lastTerm * currentNumber;
                        break;
                    case '/':
                        lastTerm = lastTerm / currentNumber;
                        break;
                }
                operation = ch; // update the current operation
            }
        }

        // Add the last processed term
        result += lastTerm;

        return result;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String expr = "2*3+5/6*3+15";
        System.out.println("Result: " + evaluate(expr)); // Output: 23.5
    }
}

1. Initialize:

   • result = 0

   • lastTerm = 0

   • operation = '+'

2. Read 2

   • Operation is '+', so lastTerm = 2

3. * 3:

   • Operation is *, so lastTerm = 2 * 3 = 6

4. + 5:

   • Add lastTerm (6) to result: result = 6

   • Set lastTerm = 5

5. / 6:

   • lastTerm = 5 / 6 ≈ 0.8333

6. * 3:

   • lastTerm = 0.8333 * 3 ≈ 2.5

7. + 15:

   • Add lastTerm (2.5) to result: result = 6 + 2.5 = 8.5

   • Set lastTerm = 15

8. End of string → Add lastTerm (15) to result → Final: 8.5 + 15 = 23.5

This matches what BODMAS expects:

2 * 3 = 6
5 / 6 = 0.8333
0.8333 * 3 = 2.5
Final: 6 + 2.5 + 15 = 23.5