DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands are used to interact with and modify data within existing database tables. These commands allows to insert new data, update existing data, delete unwanted data, and perform bulk operations for efficiency.

INSERT

Adds new rows of data to a table.

• Syntax

INSERT INTO [schema_name.]table_name ([column_list]) VALUES ([value_list]);

• Example

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerID, CustomerName, Email, Phone) VALUES (1001, 'John Smith', '[email protected]', '123-456-7890');

UPDATE

Modifies existing data in a table based on a specific criteria (WHERE clause).

• Syntax

UPDATE [schema_table.]table_name SET [column_name] = new_value [, ...] WHERE condition;

• Example

UPDATE Customers SET Email = '[email protected]' WHERE CustomerID = 1002;

DELETE

Removes rows of data from a table based on a specific criteria (WHERE clause).

• Syntax

DELETE FROM [schema_name.]table_name WHERE condition;

• Example

DELETE FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate < '2023-01-01';

MERGE

The MERGE statement is used to perform an "upsert" operation, which means inserting new rows into a table or updating existing rows based on specified conditions

• Syntax

MERGE INTO [schema_name.]table_name USING (...)
  ON (matching_condition)
  WHEN MATched THEN UPDATE SET (...)
  WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (...) VALUES (...);

• Example Suppose we have two tables: employees and employees_updates. The employees table contains the current employee data, and the employees_updates table contains updates to be applied to the employees table. We will use the MERGE statement to update the employees table with the data from the employees_updates table.

-- Create employees table
CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id   NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name    VARCHAR2(50),
    last_name     VARCHAR2(50),
    department_id NUMBER(4)
);

-- Create employees_updates table
CREATE TABLE employees_updates (
    employee_id   NUMBER(6),
    first_name    VARCHAR2(50),
    last_name     VARCHAR2(50),
    department_id NUMBER(4)
);

-- Insert sample data into employees table
INSERT INTO employees VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 101);
INSERT INTO employees VALUES (2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 102);
INSERT INTO employees VALUES (3, 'Alice', 'Johnson', 103);

-- Insert sample data into employees_updates table
INSERT INTO employees_updates VALUES (2, 'Jane', 'Doe', 105);
INSERT INTO employees_updates VALUES (4, 'Bob', 'Johnson', 104);

-- Merge
MERGE INTO employees e
USING employees_updates eu
ON (e.employee_id = eu.employee_id)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
    UPDATE SET e.first_name = eu.first_name,
               e.last_name = eu.last_name,
               e.department_id = eu.department_id
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id)
    VALUES (eu.employee_id, eu.first_name, eu.last_name, eu.department_id);

CALL

Executes a stored procedure or function in the database.

• Syntax

CALL [schema_name.]procedure_name([parameter_list]);

• Example

CALL Grant_Sales_Access('New_Sales_User');  -- Assuming a stored procedure exists

EXPLAIN PLAN

Analyzes and displays the execution plan for a SQL statement, providing insights into how the database will retrieve data.

• Syntax

EXPLAIN PLAN FOR [SQL statement];

• Example

EXPLAIN PLAN FOR SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerID = 1001;
SELECT * FROM TABLE(dbms_xplan.display);

LOCK TABLE

Explicitly locks a table or specific rows to prevent other users from modifying the data concurrently. We can release a table lock implicitly by committing or rolling back the transaction

• Syntax

LOCK TABLE [schema_name.]table_name [mode] [NOWAIT];

• Example

LOCK TABLE Customers IN EXCLUSIVE MODE NOWAIT;
UPDATE Customers SET Email = '[email protected]' WHERE CustomerID = 1001;
COMMIT;