Error vs Exception

Aspect	Error	Exception
Definition	Represents serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch.	Represents conditions that an application might want to catch and handle.
Type	Subclass of Throwable.	Subclass of Throwable.
Recoverability	Non-recoverable; generally cannot be handled by the application.	Recoverable; can be caught and handled using try-catch.
Examples	OutOfMemoryError, StackOverflowError, VirtualMachineError.	IOException, NullPointerException, ArithmeticException.
Cause	Typically caused by system-level issues or resources.	Typically caused by issues in application logic or external factors.
Handling	Rarely handled as they indicate critical problems in the JVM.	Should be handled in code using try-catch blocks or declared using throws.
When to Occur	During the runtime due to system-level failures or resource exhaustion.	During compile-time (checked exceptions) or runtime (unchecked exceptions).
Subtypes	No division into checked or unchecked; all errors are unchecked.	Divided into checked (e.g., IOException) and unchecked (e.g., NullPointerException).
Examples in Code	Example: throw new OutOfMemoryError();	Example: throw new IOException("File not found"); or throw new RuntimeException();.
Purpose	Indicates issues that require JVM intervention or are fatal to the application.	Indicates issues that are part of normal application flow and can be managed.