The Programmer's Guide
  • About
  • Algorithm
    • Big O Notation
      • Tree
      • Problems
    • Basic Notes
    • Data Structure Implementation
      • Custom LinkedList
      • Custom Stack
      • Custom Queue
      • Custom Tree
        • Binary Tree Implementation
        • Binary Search Tree Implementation
        • Min Heap Implementation
        • Max Heap Implementation
        • Trie Implementation
      • Custom Graph
        • Adjacency List
        • Adjacency Matrix
        • Edge List
        • Bidirectional Search
    • Mathematical Algorithms
      • Problems - Set 1
      • Problems - Set 2
    • Bit Manipulation
      • Representation
      • Truth Tables
      • Number System
        • Java Program
      • Problems - Set 1
    • Searching
    • Sorting
    • Array Algorithms
    • String Algorithms
    • Tree
      • Tree Traversal Techniques
      • Tree Implementation
      • Applications of Trees
      • Problems - Set 1
    • Graph
      • Graph Traversal Techniques
      • Shortest Path Algorithms
      • Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) Algorithms
    • Dynamic Programming
      • Problems - Set 1
    • Recursion
    • Parallel Programming
    • Miscellaneous
      • Problems - Set 1
  • API
    • API Basics
      • What is an API?
      • Types of API
        • Comparison - TBU
      • Synchronous vs Asynchronous API
    • API Architecture
      • Synchronous & Asynchronous Communication
    • API Specification
      • OpenAPI - TBD
    • API Design Principles - TBU
      • RESTful API Principles
      • Rate Limiting & Pagination - TBU
      • Idempotency & Statelessness - TBU
    • API Security & Authentication - TBU
      • OAuth 2.0, JWT, API Keys - TBU
      • Rate Limiting & Throttling - TBU
      • CORS in API - TBU
    • REST API - TBD
      • HTTP Status Code
      • HTTP Verbs or Methods
      • HTTP Headers
      • Query Parameters & Path Parameters - TBU
      • Content Types - TBU
  • Cloud Computing
    • Cloud Fundamentals
      • Cloud Terminology
      • Core Terminology
      • Cloud Models
      • Cloud Service Models
      • Benefits, Challenges and Risk of Cloud Computing
      • Cloud Ecosystem
  • Database
    • DBMS
      • Types of DBMS
        • Relational DBMS (RDBMS)
        • NoSQL DBMS
        • Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)
        • Columnar DBMS
        • In-Memory DBMS
        • Distributed DBMS
        • Cloud-Based DBMS
        • Hierarchical DBMS
      • DBMS Architecture
      • DBMS Structure
    • SQL Databases
      • Terminology
      • RDBMS Concepts
        • Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
          • ERD Examples
        • Normalization
        • Denormalization
        • ACID & BASE Properties
          • ACID Properties
          • BASE Properties
      • SQL Fundamentals
        • SQL Commands
          • DDL (Data Definition Language)
          • DML (Data Manipulation Language)
          • DCL (Data Control Language)
          • TCL (Transaction Control Language)
          • DQL (Data Query Language)
        • SQL Operators
          • INTERSECT
          • EXCEPT
          • MINUS
          • IN and NOT IN
          • EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
        • SQL Clauses
          • Joins
          • OVER
          • WITH
          • CONNECT BY
          • MODEL
          • FETCH FIRST
          • KEEP
          • OFFSET with FETCH
        • SQL Functions
          • Oracle Specific
        • Others
          • Views
          • Indexing - TBU
          • Transactions - TBU
          • Triggers - TBU
      • Vendor-Specific Concepts
        • Oracle Specific
          • Rownum vs Rowid
          • Order of Execution of the query
          • Keys
          • Tablespace
          • Partition
      • Best Practice
      • Resources & References
        • O’Reilly SQL Cookbook (2nd Edition)
          • 1. Retrieving Records
          • 2. Sorting Query Results
          • 3. Working with Multiple Tables
          • 4. Inserting, Updating, and Deleting
          • 5. Metadata Queries
          • 6. Working with Strings
          • 7. Working with Numbers
          • 8. Date Arithmetic
          • 9. Date Manipulation
          • 10. Working with Ranges
          • 11. Advanced Searching
          • 12. Reporting and Reshaping
          • 13. Hierarchical Queries
          • 14. Odds 'n' Ends
    • NoSQL Databases -TBU
      • Concepts
      • Types of NoSQL
        • Document Stores
        • Key-Value Stores
        • Column-Family Stores
        • Graph Databases
    • SQL vs NoSQL
    • Best Practices
  • Git
    • Internals of Git [TBD]
    • Commands
      • Setup and Configuration Commands
      • Getting and Creating Projects
      • Tracking Changes
      • Branching and Merging
      • Sharing and Updating Projects
      • Inspection and Comparison
      • Debugging
      • Patching
      • Stashing and Cleaning
      • Advanced Manipulations
      • Other Commands
    • Workflows
  • Java
    • Java Installation
    • Java Overview
      • OOP Principles
        • Encapsulation
        • Inheritance
        • Polymorphism
        • Abstraction
          • Abstract Class & Method
          • Interface
            • Functional Interfaces
            • Marker Interfaces
          • Abstract Class vs Interface
      • OOP Basics
        • What is a Class?
          • Types of Classes
        • What is an Object?
          • Equals and HashCode
            • FAQ
          • Shallow Copy and Deep Copy
          • Ways to Create Object
          • Serialization & Deserialization
        • Methods & Fields
          • Method Overriding & Overloading
          • Method Signature & Header
          • Variables
        • Constructors
        • Access Modifiers
      • Parallelism and Concurrency
        • Ways to Identify Thread Concurrency or Parallelism
        • Thread Basics
          • Thread vs Process
          • Creating Threads
          • Thread Context Switching
          • Thread Lifecycle & States
          • Runnable & Callable
          • Types of Threads
          • Thread Priority
        • Thread Management & Synchronisation
          • Thread Resource Sharing
          • Thread Synchronization
            • Why is Synchronization Needed?
            • Synchronized Blocks & Methods
          • Thread Lock
            • Types of Locks
            • Intrinsic Lock (Monitor Lock)
            • Reentrant Lock
          • Semaphore
          • Thread Starvation
          • Thread Contention
          • Thread Deadlock
          • Best Practices for Avoiding Thread Issues
      • Keywords
        • this
        • super
        • Access Modifiers
      • Data Types
        • Default Values
        • Primitive Types
          • byte
          • short
          • int
          • long
          • float
          • double
          • char
          • boolean
        • Non-Primitive (Reference) Types
          • String
            • StringBuilder
            • StringBuffer
              • Problems
            • Multiline String
            • Comparison - String, StringBuilder & StringBuffer
          • Array
          • Collections
            • List
              • Array vs List
              • ArrayList
              • Vector
                • Stack
                  • Problems
              • LinkedList
            • Queue
              • PriorityQueue
              • Deque (Double-Ended Queue)
                • ArrayDeque
                • ConcurrentLinkedDeque - TBU
                • LinkedBlockingDeque - TBU
            • Map
              • HashMap
              • Hashtable
              • LinkedHashMap
              • ConcurrentHashMap
              • TreeMap
              • EnumMap
              • WeakHashMap
            • Set
              • HashSet
              • LinkedHashSet
              • TreeSet
              • EnumSet
              • ConcurrentSkipListSet
              • CopyOnWriteArraySet
        • Specialized Classes
          • BigInteger
          • BigDecimal
            • Examples
          • BitSet
          • Date and Time
            • Examples
          • Optional
          • Math
          • UUID
          • Scanner
          • Formatter
            • Examples
          • Properties
          • Regex (Pattern and Matcher)
            • Examples
          • Atomic Classes
          • Random
          • Format
            • NumberFormat
            • DateFormat
            • DecimalFormat
        • Others
          • Object
          • Enum
            • Pre-Defined Enum
            • Custom Enum
            • EnumSet and EnumMap
          • Record
          • Optional
          • System
          • Runtime
          • ProcessBuilder
          • Thread and ThreadGroup - TBU
          • Class
          • Void
          • Throwable
            • Error
            • Exception
              • Custom Exception Handling
              • Best Practice
            • Error vs Exception
            • StackTraceElement
          • Logger - TBU
          • ResourceBundle - TBU
    • Java Features by Version
      • How New Java Features are Released ?
      • Java Versions
        • Java 8
        • Java 9
        • Scoped Values
        • Unnamed Variables & Patterns
      • Java Distributions
      • FAQ
    • Concepts
      • Set 1
        • Streams
          • flatmap
          • Collectors Utility Class
          • Problems
        • Functional Interfaces
          • Standard Built-In Interfaces
          • Custom Interfaces
        • Annotation
          • Custom Annotation
          • Meta Annotation
        • Generics
          • Covariance and Invariance
        • Asynchronous Computation
          • Future
          • CompletableFuture
          • Future v/s CompletableFuture
          • ExecutorService
            • Thread Pool
            • Types of Work Queues
            • Rejection Policies
            • ExecutorService Implementations
            • ExecutorService Usage
          • Locks, Atomic Variables, CountDownLatch, CyclicBarrier - TBU
          • Parallel Streams, Fork/Join Framework,Stream API with Parallelism - TBU
      • Set 2
        • ISO Standards
        • Localization - TBD
        • Operator Precedence
      • Set 3
        • Date Time Formatter
      • Set 4
        • Input from User
        • Comparison & Ordering
          • Object Equality Check
          • Comparable and Comparator
            • Comparator Interface
          • Sorting of Objects
          • Insertion Ordering
    • Core Packages
      • java.lang
        • java.lang.System
        • java.lang.Thread
    • Code Troubleshoot
      • Thread Dump
      • Heap Dump
    • Code Style
      • Naming Convention
    • Tools
      • IntelliJ IDEA
        • Shortcuts for MAC
      • Apache JMeter
        • Examples
      • Thread Dump Capture
        • jstack
        • VisualVM - TBU
        • jcmd - TBU
        • JConsole - TBU
        • YourKit Java Profiler - TBU
        • Eclipse MAT - TBU
        • IntelliJ IDEA Profiler - TBU
        • AppDynamics - TBU
        • Dynatrace - TBU
        • Thread Dump Analyzers - TBU
      • Heap Dump Capture
        • jmap
        • VisualVM - TBU
        • jcmd - TBU
        • Eclipse MAT (Memory Analyzer Tool) - TBU
        • IntelliJ IDEA Profiler - TBU
        • YourKit Java Profiler - TBU
        • AppDynamics - TBU
        • Dynatrace - TBU
        • Kill -3 Command - TBU
        • jhat (Java Heap Analysis Tool) - TBU
        • JVM Options - TBU
      • Wireshark
        • Search Filters
    • Best Practices
      • Artifact and BOM Versioning
  • Maven
    • Installation
    • Local Repository & Configuration
    • Command-line Options
    • Build & Lifecycle
    • Dependency Management
      • Dependency
        • Transitive Dependency
        • Optional Dependency
      • Dependency Scope
        • Maven Lifecycle and Dependency Scope
      • Dependency Exclusions & Overrides
      • Bill of Materials (BOM)
      • Dependency Conflict Resolution
      • Dependency Tree & Analysis
      • Dependency Versioning Strategies
    • Plugins
      • Build Lifecycle Management
      • Dependency Management
      • Code Quality and Analysis
      • Documentation Generation
      • Code Generation
      • Packaging and Deployment
      • Reporting
      • Integration and Testing
      • Customization and Enhancement
        • build-helper-maven-plugin
        • properties-maven-plugin
        • ant-run plugin
        • exec-maven-plugin
        • gmavenplus-plugin
      • Performance Optimization
    • FAQs
      • Fixing Maven SSL Issues: Unable to Find Valid Certification Path
  • Spring
    • Spring Basics
      • What is Spring?
      • Why Use Spring
      • Spring Ecosystem
      • Versioning
      • Setting Up a Spring Project
    • Core Concepts
      • Spring Core
        • Dependency Injection (DI)
        • Stereotype Annotation
      • Spring Beans
        • Bean Lifecycle
        • Bean Scope
          • Singleton Bean
        • Lazy & Eager Initialization
          • Use Case of Lazy Initialization
        • BeanFactory
        • ApplicationContext
      • Spring Annotations
        • Spring Boot Specific
        • Controller Layer (Web & REST Controllers)
        • Service Layer (Business Logic)
        • Repository Layer (Data Access)
        • Dependency Injection & Configuration
        • Validation & Binding
        • Caching
        • AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming)
        • Scheduling
        • Testing - TBU
        • Security
    • Spring Features
      • Spring Caching
        • In-Memory Caching
      • Spring AOP
        • Before Advice
        • After Returning Advice
        • After Throwing Advice
        • After (finally) Advice
        • Around Advice
      • Spring File Handling
        • Apache Camel - TBU
          • Local Docker Setup for SFTP Server
      • Reactive Programming
        • Reactive System
        • Reactive Stream Specification
        • Project Reactor
          • Mono & Flux
      • Asynchronous Computation
        • @Async annotation
        • Context Propagation - TBU
      • Spring Security
        • Authentication
          • Core Components
            • Security Filter Chain
              • HttpSecurity
              • Example
            • AuthenticationManager
            • AuthenticationProvider
            • UserDetailsService
              • UserDetails
              • PasswordEncoder
            • SecurityContext
            • SecurityContextHolder
            • GrantedAuthority
            • Security Configuration (Spring Security DSL)
          • Authentication Models
            • One-Way Authentication
            • Mutual Authentication
          • Authentication Mechanism
            • Basic Authentication
            • Form-Based Authentication
            • Token-Based Authentication (JWT)
            • OAuth2 Authentication
            • Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
            • SAML Authentication
            • X.509 Certificate Authentication
            • API Key Authentication
            • Remember-Me Authentication
            • Custom Authentication
          • Logout Handling
        • Authorization
        • Security Filters and Interceptors
        • CSRF
          • Real-World CSRF Attacks & Prevention
        • CORS
        • Session Management and Security
        • Best Practices
      • Spring Persistence
        • JDBC
          • JDBC Components
          • Best Practices in JDBC Usage
        • JPA (Java Persistence API)
          • JPA Fundamentals
          • ORM Mapping Annotations
            • 1. Entity and Table Mappings
            • 2. Field/Column Mappings
            • 3. Relationship Mappings
            • 4. Inheritance Mappings
            • 5. Additional Configuration Annotations
          • Querying Data
            • JPQL
            • Criteria API
            • JPA Specification
              • Example - Employee Portal
            • Native SQL Queries
            • Named Queries
            • Query Return Types
            • Pagination & Sorting
              • Example - Employee Portal
            • Projection
          • Fetch Strategies in JPA
        • JPA Implementation
          • Hibernate
            • Properties
            • Example
        • Spring Data JPA
          • Repository Abstractions
          • Entity-to-Table Mapping
          • Derived Query Methods
        • Examples
          • Employee Portal
    • Distributed Systems & Communication
      • Distributed Scheduling
      • Distributed Tracing
      • Inter-Service Communication
        • 1. RestTemplate
        • 2. WebClient
        • 3. OpenFeign
        • Retry Mechanism
          • @Retryable annotation
            • Example
    • Security & Data Protection
      • Encoding | Decoding
        • Types
          • Base Encoding
            • Base16 - TBD
              • Encoding and Decoding in Java - TBD
            • Base32
              • Encoding and Decoding in Java
            • Base64 -TBD
              • Encoding and Decoding in Java - TBD
          • Text Encoding - TBD
            • Extended ASCII
              • Encoding and Decoding in Java - TBD
                • ISO-8859-1
                • Windows-1252 - TBD
                • IBM Code Pages - TBD
            • ASCII
              • Encoding and Decoding in Java
        • Java Guidelines
          • Text Encoding Decoding Examples
          • Base Encoding Decoding Examples
          • Best Practices and Concepts
          • Libraries
      • Cryptography
        • Terminology
        • Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)
        • Key Management
          • Key Generation
            • Tools and Libraries
              • OpenSSL
              • Java Keytool
                • Concept
                • Use Cases
            • Key & Certificate File Formats
          • Key Distribution
          • Key Storage
          • Key Rotation
          • Key Revocation
        • Encryption & Decryption
          • Symmetric Encryption
            • Algorithm
            • Modes of Operation
            • Examples
          • Asymmetric Encryption
            • Algorithm
            • Mode of Operation
            • Examples
    • Utilities & Libraries
      • Apache Libraries
        • Apache Camel
          • Camel Architecture
            • Camel Context
            • Camel Endpoints
            • Camel Components
            • Camel Exchange & MEP
          • Spring Dependency
          • Different Components
            • Camel SFTP
        • Apache Commons Lang
      • MapStruct Mapper
      • Utilities by Spring framework
        • FileCopyUtils
    • General Concepts
      • Spring Boot Artifact Packaging
      • Configuration: Mapping Properties to Java Class
    • Best Practice
  • Software Testing
    • Software Testing Methodologies
      • Functional Testing
      • Non Functional Testing
    • Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
    • Integration Test
      • Dynamic Property Registration
    • Java Test Framework
      • JUnit
        • JUnit 4
          • Examples
        • JUnit 5
          • Examples
        • JUnit 4 vs JUnit 5
  • System Design
    • Low-Level Design (LLD)
      • Programming Paradigms
      • Design Pattern
        • Creational Pattern
        • Structural Pattern
        • Behavioral Pattern
        • Examples
          • Data Collector
          • Payment Processor
      • Object-Oriented Design
        • SOLID Principles
        • GRASP Principles
        • Composition
        • Aggregation
        • Association
      • Design Enhancements
        • Fluent API Design
          • Examples
    • High-Level Design (HLD)
      • CAP Theorem
      • Load Balancer
        • Load Balancer Architecture
        • Load Balancing in Java Microservices
          • Client-Side Load Balancing Example
          • Server-Side Load Balancing Example
        • Load Balancer Monitoring Tool
      • Architecture
        • Event Driven Architecture
          • Event-Driven Microservices
          • Handling Failures & Retry Mechanisms
          • Event Schema Design (Avro, JSON, Protobuf)
          • Persistence & Non-Persistence Queues
          • Technologies & Frameworks
            • ActiveMQ - TBU
            • Kafka - TBU
      • Scaling
        • Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up)
        • Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out)
        • Auto-Scaling
        • Database Scaling via Sharding
      • Networking Metrics
        • Types of Delay
        • Scenario
      • System Characteristics
      • Workload Types
      • Resilience & Failure Handling
    • Security
      • Security by Design
      • Zero Trust Security Model
      • Zero Trust Architecture
      • Principles
        • CIA
        • Least Privilege Principle
        • Defense in Depth
      • Security Threats & Mitigations
        • OWASP
          • Top 10 Security Threats
          • Application Security Verification Standard
          • Software Assurance Maturity Model
          • Dependency Check
          • CSRFGuard
          • Cheat Sheets
          • Security Testing Guide
          • Threat Dragon
        • Threat Modeling
      • Compliance & Regulation
        • PCI DSS
    • Deployment Patterns
    • Diagrams
      • UML Diagrams
        • PlantUML
          • Class Diagram
          • Object Diagram
          • Sequence Diagram
          • Use Case Diagram
          • Activity Diagram
          • State Diagram
          • Architecture Diagram
          • Component Diagram
          • Timing Diagram
          • ER Diagram (Entity-Relationship)
          • Network Diagram
    • Common Terminologies
  • Web Communication and Security
    • IT Security
      • IAM (Identity and Access Management)
        • Authentication
        • Keycloak
          • Terminologies
          • Token Verification
    • Server in Java
      • Application Server
      • Web Server
    • User Flows
  • Interview Guide
    • Non-Technical
      • Behavioural or Introductory Guide
      • Project Specific
    • Technical
      • Java Interview Companion
        • Java Key Concepts
          • Set 1
          • Set 2
        • Java Code Snippets
        • Java Practice Programs
          • Set 1 - Maths theory & Pattern
          • Set 2 - Arrays
          • Set 3 - Strings
          • Set 4 - Search
          • Set 5 - Streams and Collection
      • SQL Interview Companion
        • SQL Practice Problems
          • Set 1
      • Spring Interview Companion
        • Spring Key Concepts
          • Set 1 - General
          • Set 2 - Core Spring
        • Spring Code Snippets
      • Application Server
      • Maven
      • Containerized Application
      • Microservices
    • General
      • Applicant Tracking System (ATS)
      • General Interview Preparation Tips - TBU
      • Flowchart - How to Solve Coding Problem?
  • Personal Projects
    • Hackathon
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This category includes utility and helper classes in Java that do not directly fall into standard categories like datatypes, collections, or specialized classes. These classes provide essential functionalities that aid in miscellaneous programming tasks, such as resource handling, encoding, and error reporting.

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