StopWatch

About

Spring’s StopWatch is a simple but powerful utility for measuring execution time of tasks in an application. Unlike Apache Commons’ StopWatch, which is designed for low-level timing with methods like start(), split(), and suspend(), the Spring version is task-oriented. It allows us to record multiple tasks, name them, and get a summary report of how long each task took, along with percentages relative to the total execution time.

This makes Spring’s StopWatch particularly useful in profiling, benchmarking, and performance monitoring of business logic or method calls.

Features

1. Task-Oriented Design

   • Instead of just measuring elapsed time, Spring StopWatch is built around the concept of tasks.

   • Each task can be given a name (e.g., "Database Query", "REST Call"), making the timing results meaningful.

2. Multiple Task Support

   • We can start and stop the StopWatch multiple times to measure different sequential tasks in one run.

   • Each task is recorded separately for later analysis.

3. Summary Reporting

   • Provides a prettyPrint() method to generate a table of tasks with execution times and percentages of total runtime.

   • Useful for profiling performance bottlenecks without external tools.

4. Lightweight & Built-in

   • Part of org.springframework.util package in Spring Core.

   • No additional dependencies required.

5. Total Time Calculation

   • Offers convenient methods like getTotalTimeMillis() and getTotalTimeSeconds() to get the overall runtime across all tasks.

6. Last Task Tracking

   • Provides methods to quickly check the last executed task:

     • getLastTaskName()

     • getLastTaskTimeMillis()

7. Detailed Task Information

   • Exposes TaskInfo[] getTaskInfo() to access detailed timing for each task programmatically.

   • Each TaskInfo includes task name, time in milliseconds, and percentage of total time.

8. Human-Readable Output

   • prettyPrint() automatically formats timing results into a readable report (tabular structure).

9. Simple API

   • Uses just start("taskName") and stop() methods.

   • Easy to integrate without learning a complex profiling tool.

10. Thread-Safe (per instance)

    • Each StopWatch instance is independent, meaning it can be safely used across different parts of code without interference.

Method Reference

Method	Description / Action
start(String taskName)	Starts timing a new task with the given name. Throws an exception if a task is already running.
stop()	Stops the currently running task. Throws an exception if no task is active.
isRunning()	Returns true if a task is currently running, otherwise false.
getTotalTimeMillis()	Returns the total time (in milliseconds) for all tasks combined.
getTotalTimeSeconds()	Returns the total time (in seconds) for all tasks combined.
getTaskCount()	Returns the total number of tasks that have been recorded.
getLastTaskName()	Returns the name of the last task executed (null if none).
getLastTaskTimeMillis()	Returns the execution time (in ms) of the last task executed.
getLastTaskInfo()	Returns a TaskInfo object with name and time for the last task.
getTaskInfo()	Returns an array of TaskInfo objects, each containing name and execution time of all tasks.
shortSummary()	Returns a one-line string summary of the total time and task count.
prettyPrint()	Returns a formatted string with timing details for all tasks, including percentage of total execution time.
toString()	Returns a string containing short summary + last task info.

Use Cases

• Measuring Execution Time of Multiple Tasks

  • Useful when breaking down an operation into smaller tasks and measuring their time individually.

  • Example: measuring DB query time, service logic, and serialization separately.

• Performance Benchmarking in Development

  • Helps developers identify which part of the code consumes the most time.

  • Example: comparing two different implementations of the same algorithm.

• Profiling Service Layer Methods

  • Often used in Spring services to monitor execution time of methods without adding full-fledged monitoring tools.

  • Example: tracking execution time of a service call like EmployeeService.getEmployeeDetails().

• Analyzing Batch Jobs or Background Tasks

  • Useful in ETL jobs, scheduled tasks, or long-running batch processes.

  • Example: measuring each step of a batch job (read → process → write).

• Debugging and Optimizing Performance Bottlenecks

  • Helps detect which parts of an application are slowing down under load.

  • Example: finding slow API endpoints by wrapping controller methods.

• Logging Task Execution Details

  • Can be integrated with application logs to output a summary of task execution times.

  • Example: logger.info(stopWatch.prettyPrint()); to log timing breakdown in structured format.

• Comparing Different Code Paths

  • Used to compare execution times between two logic flows.

  • Example: measuring "cache-hit vs cache-miss" performance.

• Unit Testing Performance

  • Although not a replacement for JMH (Java Microbenchmark Harness), developers sometimes use StopWatch in unit tests to ensure execution stays under a threshold.

  • Example: assert that a method runs within 500ms.

Usage Examples

1. Basic Task Timing

import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;

public class BasicStopWatchExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();

        stopWatch.start("Task 1");
        Thread.sleep(500); // simulate work
        stopWatch.stop();

        stopWatch.start("Task 2");
        Thread.sleep(300); // simulate work
        stopWatch.stop();

        System.out.println(stopWatch.prettyPrint());
    }
}

StopWatch '': 0.8043835 seconds
----------------------------------------
Seconds       %       Task name
----------------------------------------
0.50109325    62%     Task 1
0.30329025    38%     Task 2

2. Measuring Execution of a Service Method

import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;

public class EmployeeService {
    
    public void getEmployeeDetails() {
        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch("EmployeeService");

        stopWatch.start("DB Query");
        simulateWork(400);
        stopWatch.stop();

        stopWatch.start("Business Logic");
        simulateWork(200);
        stopWatch.stop();

        stopWatch.start("DTO Mapping");
        simulateWork(100);
        stopWatch.stop();

        System.out.println(stopWatch.prettyPrint());
    }

    private void simulateWork(long millis) {
        try { Thread.sleep(millis); } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {}
    }
}

StopWatch 'EmployeeService': 0.711462793 seconds
------------------------------------------------
Seconds       %       Task name
------------------------------------------------
0.405122459   57%     DB Query
0.201277167   28%     Business Logic
0.105063167   15%     DTO Mapping

This helps profile each step in a service method.

3. Using StopWatch in a Spring Boot Controller

import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class PerformanceController {

    @GetMapping("/performance")
    public String checkPerformance() {
        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch("PerformanceAPI");

        stopWatch.start("DB call");
        simulateWork(300);
        stopWatch.stop();

        stopWatch.start("External API");
        simulateWork(500);
        stopWatch.stop();

        stopWatch.start("Response Serialization");
        simulateWork(200);
        stopWatch.stop();

        return stopWatch.prettyPrint();
    }

    private void simulateWork(long millis) {
        try { Thread.sleep(millis); } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {}
    }
}

StopWatch 'PerformanceAPI': 1.010389792 seconds
-----------------------------------------------
Seconds       %       Task name
-----------------------------------------------
0.30070725    30%     DB call
0.505770125   50%     External API
0.203912417   20%     Response Serialization

4. Logging Task Execution Details

import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

public class LoggingExample {
    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggingExample.class);

    public void processJob() {
        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch("JobProcessor");

        stopWatch.start("Step 1");
        simulateWork(200);
        stopWatch.stop();

        stopWatch.start("Step 2");
        simulateWork(400);
        stopWatch.stop();

        logger.info("Execution time details: {}", stopWatch.prettyPrint());
    }

    private void simulateWork(long millis) {
        try { Thread.sleep(millis); } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {}
    }
}

Execution time details: StopWatch 'JobProcessor': 0.607882291 seconds
---------------------------------------------
Seconds       %       Task name
---------------------------------------------
0.205072583   34%     Step 1
0.402809708   66%     Step 2

Logs structured timing details instead of just total execution time.

5. Unit Test Performance Check

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;

public class PerformanceTest {

    @Test
    void methodPerformanceShouldBeUnder1Second() {
        StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();

        stopWatch.start("TestMethod");
        simulateWork(700);
        stopWatch.stop();

        long totalTimeMillis = stopWatch.getTotalTimeMillis();
        assertTrue(totalTimeMillis < 1000, "Method took too long!");
    }

    private void simulateWork(long millis) {
        try { Thread.sleep(millis); } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {}
    }
}

Best Practices

1. Name our Tasks Clearly

   • Always give meaningful task names when starting (stopWatch.start("DB Query") instead of "Task1").

   • This makes prettyPrint() outputs much easier to analyze.

2. Use StopWatch in Development and Testing, Not Production

   • It is primarily a profiling utility.

   • Avoid leaving it in production code for every request unless we are explicitly debugging performance.

3. Wrap Around Critical Sections

   • Use it for database queries, external API calls, or heavy computations.

   • Helps identify slow parts of the request-response lifecycle.

4. Integrate with Logging

   • After completing execution, log the result with logger.info(stopWatch.prettyPrint()).

   • Combine with tools like Spring AOP or interceptors to track method-level timings automatically.

5. Use getLastTaskTimeMillis() for Specific Insights

   • Instead of always analyzing the whole report, use methods like getLastTaskTimeMillis() or getTotalTimeMillis() when we only need summary numbers.

6. Combine with Unit Tests for Performance Benchmarks

   • In JUnit tests, wrap a method call with StopWatch and assert total execution time is under a threshold.

   • Helps prevent performance regressions.

7. Prefer Programmatic Control Over Annotations for Profiling

   • Since StopWatch is lightweight and code-driven, we can turn it on/off easily without changing Spring configurations.

Common Pitfalls

1. Forgetting to Call stop()

   • If we call start() multiple times without stop(), it will throw IllegalStateException.

   • Always ensure stop() is called after each start().

2. Running Nested StopWatches in the Same Instance

   • Spring’s StopWatch is not designed for nested or parallel tasks inside the same instance.

   • If we need nested measurements, create multiple StopWatch objects or use Apache Commons StopWatch.

3. Overusing in Production

   • Profiling every single method in production increases overhead and logging noise.

   • Use it selectively or via conditional flags.

4. Not Resetting Between Runs

   • If the same StopWatch instance is reused across multiple flows without stopWatch = new StopWatch() or stopWatch.start(), timings may overlap.

   • Always use a fresh instance per request/process.

5. Confusing It with Apache Commons StopWatch

   • Spring StopWatch supports multiple tasks with names and pretty printing.

   • Apache Commons StopWatch is simpler (start/stop only, single task). Use the right one depending on need.

6. Ignoring Task Names in Reports

   • If tasks are unnamed, the pretty print output loses meaning.

   • Example:

     0500   62%   Task-1
     0300   38%   Task-2

     → not helpful compared to DB Query, External API.