Problems

Basic Problems

Convert List to Uppercase

Given a List<String>, convert all elements to uppercase.

List<String> strList = List.of("Apple", "banana", "Orange", "Avocado");
List<String> strListUpperCase = strList.stream().map(String::toUpperCase).toList();

Filter Even Numbers

Given a List<Integer>, filter out only even numbers.

List<Integer> intList = List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
List<Integer> intListEven = intList.stream().filter(n -> n % 2 == 0).toList();

Count Strings Starting with ‘A’

Given a List<String>, count how many strings start with ‘A’.

List<String> strList = List.of("Apple", "banana", "Orange", "Avocado");
long strListStartsWithA = strList.stream().filter(str -> str.startsWith("A")).count();

Find Maximum Number

Find the maximum number in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 1);
Optional<Integer> max = numbers.stream().max(Integer::compare);
max.ifPresent(System.out::println);

Find Minimum Number

Find the minimum number in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 1);
Optional<Integer> min = numbers.stream().min(Integer::compare);
min.ifPresent(System.out::println);

Calculate Sum

Find the sum of all elements in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 1);
int sum = numbers.stream().mapToInt(Integer::intValue).sum();

Check if All Elements are Positive

Verify if all numbers in a List<Integer> are positive.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 1);
boolean allPositive = numbers.stream() .allMatch(n -> n > 0);
boolean isAllPositive = intList.stream().noneMatch(n -> n < 0);

Concatenate List of Strings

Join all strings in a List<String> using a comma.

// Using Collectors utility
List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie");
String concatenated = names.stream().collect(Collectors.joining(", "));

// Using Reduce
List<String> words = List.of("Java", "is", "powerful");
String sentence = words.stream()
                .reduce((a, b) -> a + ", " + b)
                .orElse("");
System.out.println(sentence); // Java is powerful

Sort a List

Given a List<Integer>, sort it in ascending and descending order.

List<Integer> numbers = List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
// Sort list in ascending order
List<Integer> sortedAscending = numbers.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());

// Sort list in descending order
List<Integer> sortedDescending = numbers.stream().sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()).collect(Collectors.toList());

Remove Duplicates from List

Remove duplicates from a List<String>.

List<String> strList = List.of("Apple", "banana", "Orange", "Avocado");
List<String> distinctString = strList.stream().distinct().toList();

Intermediate Problems

Find Second Highest Number

Find the second-highest number in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
Optional<Integer> secondHighest = numbers.stream()
                                         .distinct()
                                         .sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder())
                                         .skip(1)
                                         .findFirst();

Group Strings by Length

Group a List<String> based on string length.

List<String> strList = List.of("Apple", "Banana", "Kiwi", "Orange", "tomato");
Map<Integer, List<String>> map = strList.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(String::length));
// {4=[Kiwi], 5=[Apple], 6=[Banana, Orange, tomato]}

Partition List into Even and Odd

Partition a List<Integer> into even and odd numbers.

List<Integer> intList = List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
Map<Boolean, List<Integer>> map = intList.stream().collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(n -> n % 2 == 0));
// {false=[1, 3, 5, 7, 9], true=[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]}

Find First Non-Repeating Character

Find the first non-repeating character in a String.

String str = "swiss";

Optional<Character> firstNonRepeating = str.chars()
            .mapToObj(c -> (char) c)
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(c -> c, LinkedHashMap::new, Collectors.counting()))
            .entrySet().stream()
            .filter(entry -> entry.getValue() == 1)
            .map(Map.Entry::getKey)
            .findFirst();

System.out.println(firstNonRepeating.orElse(null));

Convert List of Strings to Map

Convert a List<String> into a Map<String, Integer> where the key is the string and the value is its length.

List<String> strList = List.of("Apple", "Banana", "Kiwi", "Orange", "tomato");
Map<String, Integer> map = strList.stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(str->str, String::length));
// {Apple=5, Kiwi=4, tomato=6, Orange=6, Banana=6}   

Find the Most Frequent Element

Find the most frequently occurring element in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1);

Optional<Integer> mostFrequent = numbers.stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(n -> n, Collectors.counting())) // Count occurrences
            .entrySet().stream()
            .max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue()) // Find entry with max count
            .map(Map.Entry::getKey);

System.out.println(mostFrequent.orElse(null)); // 1

Find the First Three Elements

Get the first three elements from a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);

List<Integer> firstThree = numbers.stream()
            .limit(3) // Take the first 3 elements
            .collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println(firstThree); // [10, 20, 30]

Find All Palindromes

Find all palindrome words in a List<String>.

List<String> words = Arrays.asList("madam", "apple", "racecar", "banana", "level", "hello");

List<String> palindromes = words.stream()
            .filter(word -> word.equalsIgnoreCase(new StringBuilder(word).reverse().toString())) // Check for palindrome
            .collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println(palindromes);

Sort Employees by Salary

Given a List<Employee>, sort employees by salary in descending order.

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

class Employee {
    private String name;
    private double salary;

    public Employee(String name, double salary) {
        this.name = name;
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " - $" + salary;
    }
}

public class SortEmployees {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Employee> employees = Arrays.asList(
            new Employee("Alice", 75000),
            new Employee("Bob", 50000),
            new Employee("Charlie", 90000),
            new Employee("David", 60000)
        );

        List<Employee> sortedEmployees = employees.stream()
            .sorted(Comparator.comparingDouble(Employee::getSalary).reversed()) // Sort by salary (descending)
            .collect(Collectors.toList());

        sortedEmployees.forEach(System.out::println);
    }
}
// Charlie - $90000.0
// Alice - $75000.0
// David - $60000.0
// Bob - $50000.0

Convert List of Strings to a Single String

Convert a List<String> into a single space-separated String.

List<String> words = Arrays.asList("Hello", "world", "Java", "Streams");

String result = words.stream()
        .collect(Collectors.joining(" ")); // Join with space
// Hello world Java Streams

Advanced Problems

Find the Longest Word

Find the longest word in a List<String>.

List<String> words = Arrays.asList("apple", "banana", "strawberry", "kiwi", "pineapple");

Optional<String> longestWord = words.stream()
            .max((s1, s2) -> Integer.compare(s1.length(), s2.length())); // Compare by length

longestWord.ifPresent(System.out::println); // strawberry

String longestWord2 = words.stream()
    .max(Comparator.comparingInt(String::length))
    .orElse(null);

Find the Average Salary of Employees

Given a List<Employee>, calculate the average salary.

class Employee {
    private String name;
    private double salary;

    public Employee(String name, double salary) {
        this.name = name;
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }
}

public class AverageSalary {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Employee> employees = Arrays.asList(
            new Employee("Alice", 50000),
            new Employee("Bob", 60000),
            new Employee("Charlie", 70000)
        );

        OptionalDouble avgSalary = employees.stream()
            .mapToDouble(Employee::getSalary) // Convert Employee to salary
            .average(); // Calculate average

        System.out.println(avgSalary.isPresent() ? avgSalary.getAsDouble() : "No employees found");
        // 60000.0
    }
}

Group Employees by Department

Group employees into a Map<String, List<Employee>> based on department.

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

class Employee {
    private String name;
    private int departmentId;

    public Employee(String name, int departmentId) {
        this.name = name;
        this.departmentId = departmentId;
    }

    public int getDepartmentId() {
        return departmentId;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name;
    }
}

public class GroupByDepartment {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Employee> employees = Arrays.asList(
            new Employee("Alice", 1),
            new Employee("Bob", 2),
            new Employee("Charlie", 1),
            new Employee("David", 3),
            new Employee("Eve", 2)
        );

        // Group employees by department ID
        Map<Integer, List<Employee>> employeesByDept = employees.stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getDepartmentId));

        // Print the grouped result
        employeesByDept.forEach((dept, empList) -> 
            System.out.println("Department " + dept + ": " + empList));
    }
}
// Department 1: [Alice, Charlie]
// Department 2: [Bob, Eve]
// Department 3: [David]

Find the Oldest Employee in Each Department

Find the oldest employee in each department.

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

class Employee {
    private String name;
    private int departmentId;
    private int age;

    public Employee(String name, int departmentId, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.departmentId = departmentId;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public int getDepartmentId() {
        return departmentId;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " (Age: " + age + ")";
    }
}

public class OldestEmployeeInDepartment {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Employee> employees = Arrays.asList(
            new Employee("Alice", 1, 45),
            new Employee("Bob", 2, 30),
            new Employee("Charlie", 1, 50),
            new Employee("David", 3, 40),
            new Employee("Eve", 2, 35)
        );

        // Find the oldest employee in each department
        Map<Integer, Optional<Employee>> oldestByDept = employees.stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(
                Employee::getDepartmentId, 
                Collectors.maxBy(Comparator.comparingInt(Employee::getAge))
            ));

        // Print the result
        oldestByDept.forEach((dept, emp) -> 
            System.out.println("Department " + dept + ": " + emp.orElse(null)));
    }
}
/*
Department 1: Charlie (Age: 50)
Department 2: Eve (Age: 35)
Department 3: David (Age: 40)
*/

Find Duplicate Elements in a List

Find all duplicate elements in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6, 3, 7, 8, 1, 9, 10, 6);

Set<Integer> seen = new HashSet<>();
List<Integer> duplicates = numbers.stream()
    .filter(n -> !seen.add(n)) // If add() returns false, it's a duplicate
    .distinct() // Ensure each duplicate appears only once in the result
    .collect(Collectors.toList());

System.out.println(duplicates); // [1, 2, 3, 6]

// Approach 2 without set
List<Integer> duplicates = numbers.stream()
    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(n -> n, Collectors.counting())) // Count occurrences of each number
    .entrySet().stream() // Convert the map to a stream
    .filter(entry -> entry.getValue() > 1) // Keep only elements with count > 1 (duplicates)
    .map(Map.Entry::getKey) // Extract the keys (the duplicate numbers)
    .toList(); // Collect as a List

Convert a List of Employees into a Map

Convert List<Employee> into Map<Integer, String> where key is employeeId and value is employeeName.

Map<Integer, String> employeeMap = employees.stream()
    .collect(Collectors.toMap(Employee::getId, Employee::getName));

System.out.println(employeeMap); // {101=Alice, 102=Bob, 103=Charlie}

Find the Youngest Employee

Find the youngest employee in the company.

Employee youngestEmployee = employees.stream()
    .min(Comparator.comparingInt(Employee::getAge)) // Find the employee with the minimum age
    .orElse(null); // Return null if the list is empty

Find the Longest and Shortest Words in a Sentence

Given a sentence, find the longest and shortest words.

String sentence = "Java Streams are powerful and concise";

String max = Arrays.stream(sentence.split(" "))
    .max(Comparator.comparingInt(String::length))
    .get();

String min = Arrays.stream(sentence.split(" "))
    .min(Comparator.comparingInt(String::length))
    .get();

System.out.println("Longest Word: " + max); //Longest Word: powerful
System.out.println("Shortest Word: " + min); //Shortest Word: are

Find the Average Age of Employees by Department

Compute the average age of employees per department.

Map<Integer, Double> avgAgePerDepartment = employees.stream()
    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(
        Employee::getDepartmentId, 
        Collectors.averagingInt(Employee::getAge)
    ));

Count the Occurrences of Each Character in a String

Given a String, count occurrences of each character.

String input = "banana";

Map<Character, Long> charCount = input.chars() // Convert String to IntStream of characters
    .mapToObj(c -> (char) c) // Convert int to Character
    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Function.identity(), Collectors.counting())); // Group and count occurrences

System.out.println(charCount); // {a=3, b=1, n=2}

Flatten a List of Lists

Convert List<List<Integer>> into a flat List<Integer>.

List<Integer> flatList = nestedList.stream()
    .flatMap(List::stream)
    .toList();

System.out.println(flatList);

Find Top 3 Highest Salaries

Find the top 3 highest salaries from List<Employee>.

List<Employee> topSalaries = employees.stream()
    .sorted(Comparator.comparingDouble(Employee::getSalary).reversed()) // Sort by salary in descending order
    .limit(3) // Get top 3
    .toList();

Convert a List of Objects to JSON String

Convert List<Employee> into a JSON-like String.

class Employee {
    private final String name;
    private final double salary;

    public Employee(String name, double salary) {
        this.name = name;
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    public String toJson() {
        return String.format("{\"name\":\"%s\", \"salary\":%.2f}", name, salary);
    }
}

public class EmployeeJsonConverter {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Employee> employees = List.of(
            new Employee("Alice", 50000),
            new Employee("Bob", 60000),
            new Employee("Charlie", 70000)
        );

        String json = employees.stream()
            .map(Employee::toJson)
            .collect(Collectors.joining(", ", "[", "]"));

        System.out.println(json);
        // [{"name":"Alice", "salary":50000.00}, {"name":"Bob", "salary":60000.00}, {"name":"Charlie", "salary":70000.00}]
    }
}

Find All Employees Older Than 30 and Sort by Salary

Find employees older than 30 and sort them by salary.

List<Employee> filteredEmployees = employees.stream()
    .filter(emp -> emp.getAge() > 30) // Filter employees older than 30
    .sorted(Comparator.comparingDouble(Employee::getSalary)) // Sort by salary in ascending order
    .toList();

Find the Median Salary

Compute the median salary from List<Employee>.

OptionalDouble median = employees.stream()
    .mapToDouble(Employee::getSalary)
    .sorted()
    .skip((employees.size() - 1) / 2) // Skip first half for odd/even cases
    .limit(2 - employees.size() % 2) // Take 1 element if odd, 2 if even
    .average(); // Compute median

Sort a List of Employees by Multiple Criteria

Sort List<Employee> first by department, then by salary.

import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

class Employee {
    String name;
    String department;
    double salary;

    public Employee(String name, String department, double salary) {
        this.name = name;
        this.department = department;
        this.salary = salary;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " (" + department + ", $" + salary + ")";
    }
}

public class EmployeeSorting {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Employee> employees = List.of(
                new Employee("Alice", "HR", 60000),
                new Employee("Bob", "IT", 75000),
                new Employee("Charlie", "IT", 72000),
                new Employee("David", "HR", 55000),
                new Employee("Eve", "Finance", 90000),
                new Employee("Frank", "Finance", 85000)
        );

        // Sorting using streams
        List<Employee> sortedEmployees = employees.stream()
                .sorted(Comparator.comparing(Employee::department)
                        .thenComparing(Employee::salary))
                .collect(Collectors.toList());

        // Print sorted employees
        sortedEmployees.forEach(System.out::println);
        // Output:
        // Frank (Finance, $85000.0)
        // Eve (Finance, $90000.0)
        // David (HR, $55000.0)
        // Alice (HR, $60000.0)
        // Charlie (IT, $72000.0)
        // Bob (IT, $75000.0)
    }
}

Find the First N Prime Numbers

Generate the first N prime numbers using Stream.iterate().

import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

public class PrimeNumbersUsingStream {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int N = 10; // Change N to get more primes

        List<Integer> primes = Stream.iterate(2, i -> i + 1)  // Start from 2, increment by 1
                .filter(PrimeNumbersUsingStream::isPrime)      // Keep only prime numbers
                .limit(N)                                      // Take the first N primes
                .toList();                                     // Collect to a List (Java 16+)

        System.out.println("First " + N + " prime numbers: " + primes);
        // Output: First 10 prime numbers: [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29]
    }

    // Method to check if a number is prime
    private static boolean isPrime(int num) {
        if (num < 2) return false;
        for (int i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(num); i++) {
            if (num % i == 0) return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
}

Calculate Factorial Using Streams

Compute factorial of n using reduce().

int n = 5; // Change this value to compute factorial of a different number

int factorial = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, n) // Generates numbers from 1 to n
    .reduce(1, (a, b) -> a * b);        // Multiplies all elements

System.out.println("Factorial of " + n + " is: " + factorial);
// Output: Factorial of 5 is: 120

Check if a String is an Anagram of Another String

Verify if two given strings are anagrams.

import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class AnagramChecker {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "listen";
        String str2 = "silent";

        boolean isAnagram = areAnagrams(str1, str2);

        System.out.println(str1 + " and " + str2 + " are anagrams: " + isAnagram);
        // Output: listen and silent are anagrams: true
    }

    public static boolean areAnagrams(String str1, String str2) {
        if (str1.length() != str2.length()) return false; // Different lengths can't be anagrams

        return str1.chars().sorted()
                .mapToObj(c -> String.valueOf((char) c))
                .collect(Collectors.joining())
                .equals(
                    str2.chars().sorted()
                        .mapToObj(c -> String.valueOf((char) c))
                        .collect(Collectors.joining())
                );
    }
}

Find the Kth Largest Element in a List

Find the Kth largest number in a List<Integer>.

List<Integer> numbers = List.of(10, 5, 8, 20, 15, 3, 25);
int K = 3; // Change K to find a different Kth largest element

int kthLargest = numbers.stream()
                .sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder()) // Sort in descending order
                .skip(K - 1)                       // Skip (K-1) elements
                .findFirst()                       // Get the Kth element
                .orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalArgumentException("K is out of range"));

Generate a Fibonacci Series Using Streams

Generate Fibonacci numbers using Stream.iterate().

int n = 10; // Generate first N Fibonacci numbers

Stream.iterate(new long[]{0, 1}, fib -> new long[]{fib[1], fib[0] + fib[1]}) // Generate pairs
  .limit(n) // Limit to first N numbers
  .map(fib -> fib[0]) // Extract first element from pair
  .forEach(System.out::println);

// Output: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

Find the Most Expensive Product in Each Category

Given a List<Product>, find the most expensive product in each category.

import java.util.*;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

class Product {
    String name;
    String category;
    double price;

    public Product(String name, String category, double price) {
        this.name = name;
        this.category = category;
        this.price = price;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return name + " ($" + price + ")";
    }
}

public class MostExpensiveProduct {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Product> products = List.of(
                new Product("Laptop", "Electronics", 1200),
                new Product("Smartphone", "Electronics", 900),
                new Product("TV", "Electronics", 1500),
                new Product("Blender", "Appliances", 300),
                new Product("Vacuum Cleaner", "Appliances", 400),
                new Product("Shampoo", "Personal Care", 15),
                new Product("Perfume", "Personal Care", 60)
        );

        Map<String, Product> mostExpensiveByCategory = products.stream()
                .collect(Collectors.toMap(
                        Product::category,                  // Group by category
                        Function.identity(),                // Keep the product
                        (p1, p2) -> p1.price > p2.price ? p1 : p2 // Keep the most expensive
                ));

        System.out.println("Most Expensive Product in Each Category: " + mostExpensiveByCategory);
        // Output: {Electronics=TV ($1500.0), Appliances=Vacuum Cleaner ($400.0), Personal Care=Perfume ($60.0)}
    }
}

Find Most Common Words in a Paragraph

Given a String paragraph, count occurrences of each word and sort by frequency.

String paragraph = "Java is great and Java is powerful. Java is fun and powerful.";

List<Map.Entry<String, Long>> sortedWordCount = Arrays.stream(paragraph.toLowerCase().split("\\W+"))
  .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(word -> word, Collectors.counting())) // Count occurrences
  .entrySet().stream()
  .sorted(Map.Entry.<String, Long>comparingByValue(Comparator.reverseOrder())) // Sort by frequency
  .toList(); // Collect as a list

System.out.println("Word frequencies sorted by count: " + sortedWordCount);
// Output: Word frequencies sorted by count: [java=3, is=3, powerful=2, and=2, great=1, fun=1]

Merge Two Sorted Lists into One Sorted List

Merge two sorted lists into a single sorted list.

List<Integer> list1 = List.of(1, 3, 5, 7, 9);
List<Integer> list2 = List.of(2, 4, 6, 8, 10);

List<Integer> mergedSortedList = Stream.concat(list1.stream(), list2.stream()) // Merge two lists
  .sorted() // Sort the merged stream
  .collect(Collectors.toList()); // Collect to a list

System.out.println("Merged Sorted List: " + mergedSortedList);
// Output: Merged Sorted List: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

Check if a Sentence is a Pangram

Verify if a sentence contains every letter of the alphabet at least once.

import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

public class PangramChecker {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String sentence = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";

        boolean isPangram = sentence.toLowerCase()
                .chars() // Convert to IntStream of characters
                .filter(Character::isLetter) // Keep only letters
                .mapToObj(c -> (char) c) // Convert int to Character
                .collect(Collectors.toSet()) // Collect unique letters
                .size() == 26; // Check if all 26 letters are present

        System.out.println("Is Pangram? " + isPangram);
        // Output: Is Pangram? true
    }
}

Find the Sum of All Even-Indexed Elements in a List

Sum all even-indexed elements in a list.

int sum = IntStream.range(0, numbers.size())  // Generate indices from 0 to size-1
                .filter(i -> i % 2 == 0)             // Keep only even indices
                .map(numbers::get)                   // Get the elements at those indices
                .sum();                              // Sum them up

Simulate a Voting System Using Streams

Given a list of votes, count occurrences of each candidate and determine the winner.

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class ElectionWinner {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<String> votes = List.of("Alice", "Bob", "Alice", "Charlie", "Bob", "Alice", "Bob", "Bob");

        // Count occurrences of each candidate
        Map<String, Long> voteCount = votes.stream()
                .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Function.identity(), Collectors.counting()));

        // Determine the winner (candidate with max votes)
        String winner = voteCount.entrySet().stream()
                .max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue()) // Get the entry with the highest count
                .map(Map.Entry::getKey)           // Extract the candidate's name
                .orElse("No votes");

        System.out.println("Vote counts: " + voteCount);
        // Output: Vote counts: {Alice=3, Bob=4, Charlie=1}

        System.out.println("Winner: " + winner);
        // Output: Winner: Bob
    }
}